Solar energy is a sustainable energy source that is important to protecting ecosystems, wildlife, and people. It also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight climate change. Furthermore, solar energy can improve air quality and reduce the quantity of water needed for energy production. In 2021, solar energy produced around 4.4% of the worldwide total energy output. This is a 3.3% increase over 2020. Ember Climate reports that 38% of the energy generated was renewable, with solar power making up 11.5% of the total. Selecting the appropriate solar structure material for solar panel structure construction is crucial to increasing total energy production, improving efficiency, and creating durable, functional solar energy systems. The most important factors and suggested procedures for selecting materials for solar panels, support structures, and associated components will be covered in this section.
Solar Panels Solar panels, sometimes referred to as photovoltaic modules, are an array that collects solar radiation and converts it into renewable energy. Every solar cell structure is built on a semiconductor material, often silicon. It is sensitive to light and, when exposed to solar radiation, produces energy due to an event known as the photovoltaic effect. The core of any solar energy system is its photovoltaic modules. The core of any solar energy system is its photovoltaic modules. When selecting materials for solar panels, take into account the following factors while choosing materials for PV modules:
Components of a Solar Panel Structure
- Solar Cells
Common materials used to create high-efficiency solar cells include crystalline silicon, thin-film materials (like CdTe or CIGS), and newly developed materials like perovskite. Each has a distinct edge regarding cost, production method, and efficiency. - Encapsulation Materials
In order to provide insulation, UV resistance, and moisture protection, solar cells are frequently wrapped with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). - Backsheets
Backsheets, constructed of materials such as Tedlar or TPT, provide electrical insulation and shield the back side of the solar cells from environmental factors. - Glass
To protect the cells and improve light transmission, the front cover is made of tempered or anti-reflective coated glass.
Support Structures
To ensure the long-term durability of any solar system, a well-designed photovoltaic structure is essential. In order to withstand the significant stresses of the panel weights and high wind speeds, PV structures for both roof-mounted and ground-mounted systems must be strong and safe.
Racking Systems
Solar panel racking systems are supported structurally by racking systems, which also guarantee that the panels are correctly oriented toward the sun. Take into consideration the following solar panel structure material options:
- Aluminum: Aluminum is a common material for racking systems because it is lightweight, resistant to corrosion, and simple to work with.
- Galvanized Steel: Provides strong support and longevity, but could be more prone to corrosion and heavier than aluminum.
- Stainless Steel: Excellent resistance to corrosion means that it can be used in challenging environments.
Inverters
One of the most important parts of a solar power plant structure is an inverter. It’s a device that changes the power produced by a solar panel, known as direct current (DC), into alternating current (AC), which is used by the electrical grid. Usually, weather-resistant polymers or metals are used to construct inverter boxes. However, the solar inverter performs more than just DC-AC conversion; it also features an islanding effect inspection and control function, an MPPT function for tracking maximum power, and an active operation and deactivation function.
Balance of System (BoS) Components Everything that makes up a photovoltaic system except the solar panels is referred to as the balance of the system (BoS). These consist of a battery bank, battery charger, mounting system, wiring, switches, and one or more solar inverters. Most of the parts are included in BoS components, which account for most maintenance needs and represent 10% to 50% of solar installation and cost. Modernizing solar plant structures, increasing efficiency, and controlling costs is essentially accomplished by the balance-of-system components.
Protection and Coating
Summers in India are known for being extremely humid and hot, with average temperatures of 32 to 40ºC. All around, including roofs and buildings, are negatively impacted by this severe weather. Protective coatings that reflect sunlight help heat absorption and damage. In order to stop solar energy from penetrating the material and heating the surface, these coatings act as a barrier and reflect it. This helps shield the material from heat-related damage and lowers the energy required for cooling.
- Coatings:
In order to shield materials from environmental factors, coatings are essential. Consider coatings that prevent reflection on glass, protect metal parts from corrosion, and shield plastic from UV rays. - Weather Resistance:
Every component used in solar module structures needs to be able to cope with a range of environmental factors, such as rain, snow, UV rays, and temperature changes.
Considering the Environment
Take the environment into consideration while choosing materials for solar structures. Seek solutions with a minimal carbon impact and think about end-of-life component recycling and disposal techniques. Recycling solar panels is vital, as many components like silicon, aluminum, and glass can be recovered and reused, reducing the need for new raw materials. By 2050, around 80 million metric tons of solar panel waste could be generated globally, highlighting the importance of robust recycling systems. In Europe, manufacturers are required to manage panel recycling, setting a strong precedent for sustainable practices (source).
To further minimize environmental impact, consider using advanced technologies like Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) solar cells, which offer higher efficiency and lower emissions over their lifetime. Prioritizing materials with minimal harmful chemicals and adopting comprehensive recycling programs can significantly enhance the sustainability of solar installations.
How Futr Energy Can Help ?
Futr Energy provides innovative solutions for optimizing the performance and longevity of solar installations. Our platform, FutrOS, offers advanced asset management capabilities, including real-time monitoring, performance analytics, and predictive maintenance. This helps in selecting the best materials and systems for your solar module structure, ensuring efficient and sustainable energy production.
The Bottom Line
For a solar energy system to be sustainable and operate well over time, the right materials must be utilized in its installation. By considering many factors such as solar structure types, material characteristics, ambient circumstances, and lifespan consequences, engineers and designers can make informed decisions that lead to a long-lasting and efficient solar installation.
FAQs
What is the typical structure of a solar panel?
A solar panel consists of multiple layers: the top layer is tempered glass, followed by an encapsulant (typically EVA), then the solar cells (usually crystalline silicon), another layer of the encapsulant, a back sheet (Tedlar), and an aluminum frame for structural support.
Which type of structure is most suitable for solar panels?
The choice depends on the installation type. Ground-mounted structures are ideal for large-scale installations, while roof-mounted structures suit residential and commercial buildings. Single or dual-axis tracking systems are best for maximizing energy capture
Which materials are used in the composition of solar panels?
Solar panels are primarily made of crystalline silicon solar cells, encapsulated in EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), with a glass front, a polymer back sheet (like Tedlar), and an aluminum frame. Other materials include silver, copper, and, for thin-film panels, materials like cadmium telluride or CIGS.
How are solar panels constructed?
Solar panels are made by interconnecting silicon solar cells in a grid pattern. These cells are encapsulated between EVA layers, covered with tempered glass on the front, and protected by a polymer back sheet. An aluminum frame provides structure and durability. Finally, a junction box is added for wiring connections.
